Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and approximate masses of three subatomic particles. The approximate mass of each particle is given in universal mass units (u).In this activity, students will explore different types of radioactive decay using a decay chain. Through modeling and analyzing a decay chain, students will familiarize …Gizmos Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Answer Key. Gizmos Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Answer Key. Name:_ Date: _____ Lab 8 - Nuclear Decay Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) These are the answers for a Gizmos assignment. name: date: student exploration: energy conversions directions: follow the instructions to go through the. Skip to document. ... kinetic energy, light, nonrenewable resource, nuclear energy, renewable resource, sound, thermal energy. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) What ...CORROSION AND THERMODYNAMICS. Class Notes $10.45. Burns' Pediatric Primary Care 6th Edition T... Ray just earned $6.9. Robert Hall Mobility Shadow Health Focused ... Giedd just earned $6.25. Case 01: Focused Exam: Pain Management Resu... Quizsolutioner just earned $6.58. NRNP 6552 /NRNP6552 Advanced Nurse Practice...The best study notes and guides shared by your fellow students, organized in one place. Search. or search for your School / University . Browse Study Materials. Buy lecture notes, summaries and practice exams and get higher grades for your exams. get better grades.Gizmos Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Answer Key Gizmos Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Answer Key. Categories. ATI Questions and Answers Exam (elaborations) SOPHIA Milestone A-Level Mark Scheme A Level Question Paper A/As Level Question Paper A/As Level Mark Scheme Advanced Trauma Life Support ...Gizmos Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Answer Key $10.45 Add to Cart Browse Study Resource | Subjects Accounting Anthropology Architecture Art Astronomy Biology Business Chemistry Communications Computer ScienceThe decay of radioactive atoms generally results in the emission of particles and/or energy. Several types of nuclear decay can be explored with the Nuclear Decay …On the Web: (Jan. 05, 2024) gamma decay, type of radioactivity in which some unstable atomic nuclei dissipate excess energy by a spontaneous electromagnetic process. In the most common form of gamma decay, known as gamma emission, gamma rays (photons, or packets of electromagnetic energy, of extremely short wavelength) are radiated.of three subatomic particles. The approximate mass of each particle is given in universal mass units (u). Particle Location Charge Approximate mass Proton Nucleus 1 …Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge …Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Student Exploration: Half-life. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: daughter atom, decay, Geiger counter, half-life, isotope, neutron, radiation, radioactive, radiometric dating. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)The best study notes and guides shared by your fellow students, organized in one place. Buy lecture notes, summaries and practice exams and get higher grades for your exams. Get high quality, verified notes from your school, professional course, or university. Summaries and study guides and tests are 24/7 online available.2019 Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo .) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and approximate …Observe the five main types of nuclear decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, positron emission, and electron capture. Write nuclear equations by determining the mass numbers and atomic numbers of daughter products and emitted particles. Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, …The best study notes and guides shared by your fellow students, organized in one place. Buy lecture notes, summaries and practice exams and get higher grades for your exams. Get high quality, verified notes from your school, professional course, or university. Summaries and study guides and tests are 24/7 online available.Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do …number, nuclear decay, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and …Apr 1, 2022 · Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Vocabulary: chain reaction, CNO cycle, catalyst, deuterium, electron volt, fission, fusion, isotope,... [Show more] Student Exploration: Nuclear Reactions Introduction: All stars turn hydrogen into helium in a process called nuclear fusion. Stars perform this process in different ways. In stars like our sun, the proton-proton chain is used. This reaction requires temperatures greater than 4,000,000 K to occur. number, nuclear decay, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and …1)This atom has atomic number 2 as number of proton and neutron cann be given by approximate mass i.e 1 u for both which is equal to 1.66054X10^ (-27)/ (1..6726X10^ (-27))1 proton Similary, for neutron 1 so mass number of this atom is 2.Thus similarly …. Name: Date: Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number ...Date: Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, .... Results 1 - 15 of 15 — ... in hindi dubbed. Student exploration nuclear decay answer key activity a continued ... Honors chemistry calorimetry worksheet answers..Student exploration nuclear decay answers Click-reset-and-turn-off / BetterLesson students are introduced to the concept of radioactive decay by a ExploreLearning Gizmo. ExploreLearning: get hands-on, minds-on math and science observe the five main types of nuclear decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, positron emission, and …Download Nuclear Gizmo Handouts and more Chemistry Study notes in PDF only on Docsity! Name: _____ Date: _____ Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior …12 3 11 Send Message Document information Uploaded on October 14, 2021 Number of pages 11 Written in 2020/2021 Type Other Person Unknown SubjectsStudent exploration nuclear decay answers Click-reset-and-turn-off / BetterLesson students are introduced to the concept of radioactive decay by a ExploreLearning Gizmo. ExploreLearning: get hands-on, minds-on math and science observe the five main types of nuclear decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, positron emission, and …A legacy of exploration. Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators, or RTGs, provide electrical power for spacecraft by converting the heat generated by the decay of plutonium-238 (Pu-238) fuel into electricity using devices called thermocouples.Since they have no moving parts that can fail or wear out, RTGs have historically been viewed as a highly …Nuclear ReactionsSE - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. NUKELEARStudent Exploration: Nuclear Reactions [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. We recommend do ing that activity before trying this one.] Voc abulary: chain reaction, CNO cycle, catalyst, deuterium, electron volt, fission, fusion, isotope, ...You can use the Half-life Gizmo to model the decay of Carbon-14, which has a half-life of approximately 6,000 years (actual value is 5,730 years). In the Gizmo, select User chooses half-life and Theoretical decay . Set the Half-life to 6 seconds (to represent 6,000 years) and the Number of atoms to 100. Use the Gizmo to estimate the age of each ... Title Gizmo : ExploreLearning explore learning nuclear decay gizmo answer key Media Publishing eBook, ePub, Kindle PDF View ID …Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge ...It's simple and straightforward to make extra cash as a student, just upload your notes to us and we'll handle the sales side and pass the money back to you. Docmerit offers the highest payout ratio: you earn up to 85% per sale. We transfer the money to your bank account within 24 working hours.2019 Name: Steve Neerattupara Date: _____ Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo .) The chart below gives the …12 3 11 Send Message Document information Uploaded on October 14, 2021 Number of pages 11 Written in 2020/2021 Type Other Person Unknown SubjectsName: Date: Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic …Observe the five main types of nuclear decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, positron emission, and electron capture. Write nuclear equations by determining the mass numbers and atomic numbers of daughter products and emitted particles. Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) You can use the Half-life Gizmo to model the decay of Carbon-14, which has a half-life of approximately 6,000 years (actual value is 5,730 years). In the Gizmo, select User chooses half-life and Theoretical decay. Set the Half-life to 6 seconds (to represent 6,000 years) and the Number of atoms to 100.Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay . Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. By kingamor, Uploaded: Sep 24, 2021. $7. Physics> STUDY GUIDE > AQA A-level PHYSICS (7408/3BA) Paper 3 – Section B (Astrophysics) Mark scheme (All)The decay of radioactive atoms generally results in the emission of particles and/or energy. Several types of nuclear decay can be explored with the Nuclear Decay …Name: Date: Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and approximate masses of ... Apr 1, 2022 · Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Vocabulary: chain reaction, CNO cycle, catalyst, deuterium, electron volt, fission, fusion, isotope,... Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray,isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do …Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and approximate masses of three ... You can use the Half-life Gizmo to model the decay of Carbon-14, which has a half-life of approximately 6,000 years (actual value is 5,730 years). In the Gizmo, select User chooses half-life and Theoretical decay. Set the Half-life to 6 seconds (to represent 6,000 years) and the Number of atoms to 100.Kami Export - Jayden Lin - Nuclear Reactions p Het. Algebra 1 97% (217) 1. 5.07 space technology spinoff assignment. Biology 100% (38) 7. 2.2.6 A Family Affair Kim Family Genetic Investigation. ... Student Exploration: RNA and Protein Synthesis. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation.Dec 31, 2021 · Name: Date: Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior ... number, nuclear decay, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and …Gizmo Warm-up While most atoms are stable, some are radioactive, which means that they have a tendency to undergo spontaneous nuclear decay. The decay of radioactive atoms generally results in the emission of particles and/or energy. Several types of nuclear decay can be explored with the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. Jan 19, 2024 · Student Exploration: Nuclear Reactions [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] You can use the Half-life Gizmo to model the decay of Carbon-14, which has a half-life of approximately 6,000 years (actual value is 5,730 years). In the Gizmo, select User chooses half-life and Theoretical decay . Set the Half-life to 6 seconds (to represent 6,000 years) and the Number of atoms to 100. Use the Gizmo to estimate the age of each ...Name: _____ Date: _____ Student Exploration: Nuclear Reactions [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Vocabulary: chain reaction, CNO cycle, catalyst, deuterium, electron volt, fission, fusion, isotope, nuclear reaction, …When a radioactive element undergoes a beta decay, its atomic mass remains the same while its atomic number increases by 1. For instance; Carbon-14 undergoes a beta decay to form nitrogen-14. The nuclear equation for the reaction is: 14 C 6----> 14 N 7 + 0 β-1. So, Beta decay does not affect the atomic mass of an atom but it increases its ...Sep 29, 2022 · Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay NCVPS Chemistry Fall 2014 Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) number, nuclear decay, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and …Name: Eshal Kashif Date: Dec 5, 2021 Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, …Name: Date: Student Exploration: Nuclear Reactions Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Vocabulary: chain …Download Nuclear Gizmo Handouts and more Chemistry Study notes in PDF only on Docsity! Name: _____ Date: _____ Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, radioactive, subatomic particle Nuclear decay. radioactive atom releases particles and/or energy. Positron. positively charged counterpart of an electron. Radioactive. capable of releasing radiation. Subatomic Particle. unit of matter smaller than an atom. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Alpha Particle, Beta Particle, Daughter Product and more. Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle The best study notes and guides shared by your fellow students, organized in one place. Buy lecture notes, summaries and practice exams and get higher grades for your exams. Get high quality, verified notes from your school, professional course, or university. Summaries and study guides and tests are 24/7 online available.Name: _____ Date: _____ Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay NCVPS Chemistry Fall 2014 Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo .)Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. In this activity, students will use a radioactive decay simulation to investigate why radioactive decay occurs, the changes that occur in the nucleus during three common …Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle. 100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached.Bundle contains 73 documents. 1. Gizmos Student Exploration: Water Cycle Answer Key. 2. Gizmos Student Exploration: Prairie Ecosystem Answer Key. 3. Gizmos Student Exploration: Comparing Climates (Metric) 4. Gizmos Student Exploration: Convection Cells Answer Key. Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay atomic number of the positron. (Note: The atomic number of a positron is 1.) (Double click the image below to open in Google Draw. Use the Text Box tool to fill in the boxes) Check your answer by turning on Show equation and clicking Play. Modify your equation if necessary.
Student exploration nuclear decay answers Click-reset-and-turn-off / BetterLesson students are introduced to the concept of radioactive decay by a ExploreLearning Gizmo. ExploreLearning: get hands-on, minds-on math and science observe the five main types of nuclear decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, positron emission, and …. 555556
Alpha decay: The nucleus splits into two chunks, a little chunk called an “alpha particle” (which is just two protons and two neutrons) and a daughter nucleus with a lower atomic number than the initial nucleus.The “radiation” here is the small chunk, which generally moves away from the nucleus at a pretty high speed. Beta decay: There are two types of …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. After I review the concept of half-life, the students will simulate radioactive decay using a twizzler. Assuming the half-life of the twizzler to be 15 seconds, the students will figure out the length of the twizzler at the end of one half-life and cut it to that length. The students will continue and stop at the end of four half-lives.Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, …Investigate the decay of a radioactive substance. The half-life and the number of radioactive atoms can be adjusted, and theoretical or random decay can be observed. Data can be interpreted visually using a dynamic graph, a bar chart, and a table. Determine the half-lives of two sample isotopes as well as samples with randomly generated half-lives. vb cvbxv x name: date: student exploration: nuclear decay ncvps chemistry fall 2014 vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product,Find Your Solution. Start playing, exploring and learning today with a free account. Or contact us for a quote or demo. Observe the five main types of nuclear decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, positron emission, and electron capture. Write nuclear equatio... Use the Add New button. Then upload your file to the system from your device, importing it from internal mail, the cloud, or by adding its URL. 3. Edit nuclear decay gizmo answer key pdf form. Rearrange and rotate pages, add new and changed texts, add new objects, and use other useful tools. When you're done, click Done.Name: Date: Student Exploration: Nuclear Reactions [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo™ was designed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Vocabulary: chain reaction, CNO cycle, catalyst, deuterium, electron vo... [Show more]Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, ...Apr 1, 2022 · Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Nuclear Decay Gizmo. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Vocabulary: chain reaction, CNO cycle, catalyst, deuterium, electron volt, fission, fusion, isotope,... Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle ...The best study notes and guides shared by your fellow students, organized in one place. Search. or search for your School / University . Browse Study Materials. Buy lecture notes, summaries and practice exams and get higher grades for your exams. get better grades.In this activity, students will use a radioactive decay simulation to investigate why radioactive decay occurs, the changes that occur in the nucleus during three common …Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) Name: Eliza Minor Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay NCVPS Chemistry Fall 2014 Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo .) The chart below gives the …You get paid for the hard work you already executed. It's more fun than the average student side job. If you become a top seller, you might even be able to quit your side job! Earn money by uploading study guides, checking theses, delivering translation work, or help students differently by adding a free document.Student Exploration: Nuclear Decay Vocabulary: alpha particle, atomic number, beta particle, daughter product, gamma ray, isotope, mass number, nuclear decay, positron, radioactive, subatomic particle Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) The chart below gives the locations, charges, and approximate masses of three subatomic .